News on projects, issues and experiences; articles and reports; news of events and information on groups and organizations, from people working on youth activism and democracy issues.
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1) Report: 18th meeting of the Advisory Council on Youth (Hungary)
A regular meeting of the Advisory Council on Youth of the Council of Europe, the body composed of the representatives of European youth organizations, took place on October 17-19 at the European Youth Centre in Budapest.
"Young Europe" is the member of the council, and at this meeting it was represented by Konstantin Baranov.
The main issues for consideration were: restructuring the youth sector of the Council of Europe, developing a strategic document on European youth policy ("Agenda 2020") and summing up the results of the "All Different - All Equal" campaign.
Vivid discussions were provoked by the issue of restructuring the Council of Europe youth sector. It must ensure the mainstreaming of the youth policy in all the departments and institutions of the CoE and raising its visibility.
"Agenda 2020" - a document aimed at setting the strategy of the Council of Europe youth policy, was also discussed in groups. The adoption of the document is scheduled for the 8th Conference of Ministers responsible for youth in 2008 in Kiev. Among the priorities of the strategy are promoting the fundamental values of the CoE (democracy, human rights and the rule of law) among young people, confronting the discrimination and intercultural learning.
Some attention was also paid to cooperation with Russia on youth issues. This sphere now has certain risks due to the recent creation of the State Committee of Youth Affairs and appointment of Vasiliy Yakemenko, the leader of pro-Kremlin anti-democratic youth organization "Nashi" as its head.
2) WYDD Celebration: 'Cast your vote, save your Nation' (Kenya)
The PAMOJA YOUTH FOUNDATION (P.Y.F) celebrated the WYDD on October 18 in Kibera slum, at Laini Saba hall. The event was attended by more than 250 participants, forty of them - members of the P.Y.F. It was also attended by 21 young civic aspirants who are vying for different civic ward at this year's general election. The day's slogan was 'Cast your vote save your Nation'.
This year is the year of election in Kenya, and the young people of the country would like to see some changes coming next year. Youth has been misused by the politicians to cause chaos and also to sell their votes cheaply. This day was supposed to sensitize young people on the benefit of peaceful election and voting and also to influence youth to participate in any democratic process in Kenya.
The organizers used this opportunity to remember the young legends who were killed by KANU regime because of their commitment to democracy in Kenya.
3) Report: European conference "'Break our Limits' through Intercultural Action" (Azerbaijan)
The conference of the "UNITED for intercultural action" network was held on October 23-28 in Baku. About 80 persons from different countries took part. It was co-organized by the non-governmental organizations from Greece, Cyprus, Sweden and Russia and supported by the Ministry of Youth of Azerbaijan and the European Youth Foundation.
Dmitry Makarov, the representative of the international Youth Human Rights Movement, at the plenary session "Anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial" presented the report on how the anti-Semitic rhetoric of the neo-fascist organizations has changed during the last years. The reports on homophobia and Romaphobia met the biggest interest of the participants. They also presented the successful practices of confronting the intolerance in Europe.
Unfortunately, due to the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia none of the Armenian activists could take part in the conference.
The conference was held at the eve of the International week of awareness-raising actions "Crystal Night - Never Again!" which is for 4 years organized by the YHRM in Russia and the NIS.
The Youth Human Rights Movement joined the organizing committee of the next conference of the "UNITED" network, which will take place in Stockholm (Sweden) in May 2008.
4) WYDD Celebration: Open Forum 'Youth and Democracy in Liberia' (Liberia)
On October 18, an Open Forum organized by the education department of the African Child Peace Initiative-Liberia was held in Coffee Farm, Caldwell, a community few hours drive away from the central capital Monrovia in observance of the World Youth Day for Democracy.
It was a two hours thought sharing and informative forum, which gave its participants the opportunity to join the global network of democrats, including activists, practitioners, academics, policy makers, and founders, who have come together to develop new forms of cooperation to promote the development of democracy, under the Theme "Youth and Democracy in Liberia".
The forum brought together over 35 participants including instructional staff from various schools and some youths from the Community Child Development Group known as the "Child Warfare Committee" base in Caldwell.
Throughout the forum, the culture of democratic practices was observed as participants set ground rules for themselves and serve as watch on each other. The relatively simple and friendly atmosphere was enjoyed throughout the discussion time as participants spoke openly on such issues, as the meaning of democracy, its importance in Liberia, how to promote democracy in their communities, the meaning of Civic responsibility, etc.
After deliberations on the items listed above students discussed some of their own experiences and instructors expressed their own gratitude.
After few hours of discussion, a comment from the VP for administration for the ETMI School clearly encouraged students youths and participants put whatsoever they acquire from each other to put into action in their communities and personal life as democracy is at such important to the development of our society, for better life.
5) Report: First OSCE Youth Forum (Spain)
The first OSCE Youth Forum was organized on November 5-6 in Madrid on the initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Spain in the framework of the country's chairmanship in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe in 2007. Anna Dobrovolskaya represented the international Youth Human Rights Movement at the Forum.
This Forum became the first youth event of the OSCE, and though the idea of such a meeting existed for long time, it was realized only now because of the fact that the organization has no youth department or unit.
The forum brought together 150 persons - youth civil and political activists, political science scholars from the member countries of the OSCE as well as the Partner states.
During the two days young people were given the opportunity to present their ideas and views relating to the OSCE work and its effectiveness in solving the existing problems.
The discussion focused in 6 directions: the role of youth in reducing the terrorism threats, in preventing and solving conflicts, in effective usage of resources, in solving environmental and security problems, as well as in promoting Human Rights and fundamental freedoms and strengthening mutual understanding between nations and cultures.
Almost unanimously the Forum's participants admitted that the governments as well as the international organizations make not enough efforts to solve the problems and find the way out of the long-lasting confrontations and conflicts. And that is why more problems must be solved by the citizens themselves at the local level, through participation in civil initiatives and advocacy.
The participants also recommended to make the organization of such forums a regular practice, but with more defined agenda and format.
6) WYDD Celebration: Panel discussion "Togo urban and rural youth active involvement in politics" (Togo)
On October 18, 1Togo Sans Ethnies (1TSE) organized a Panel discussion for some 40 young people under the theme "Togo urban and rural youth active involvement in politics".
During the debate, which lasted one and a half hours, most of the participants exposed the hardships they encounter in their attempt to get themselves actively involved into political affairs of their country. They explained that their elders are not used to associate them to their country's affairs. On the contrary, those elders used to use them in order to achieve their ugly political goals.
The panelist M.Koufoma GARBA, a university teacher, made a short reminder of democracy in Togo since 5th October 1990, the date of the beginning of democratic process in Togo; he explained the roles and responsibilities of youth in democracy. He said young people must be well informed and responsible in their communities, if they want to be considered as serious political partners; they should do everything within their power, to be part of a global network such as WYMD to make their voices heard worldwide. He also added that they should take the place which belongs to them, by being interested in what is going on in their villages, communities and country. They should be vigilant and never allow their elders use them for vandalism.
He congratulated the participants for their active role in the past 14th October legislative elections and urged them to get prepared to vote for principles and values in the coming local elections scheduled for 2008 in order not to be manipulated. This will be the only way they can help Togo, their motherland, out of its actual political and economic crisis.
7) Report: European regional meeting on the World Programme for Human Rights Education (France)
For two days (November 5 through 6), human rights education experts from all over Europe discussed the World Programme for Human Rights Education (WPHRE) in the main building of the Council of Europe.
The representatives of the international Youth Human Rights Movement and the "Young Europe" international network took part in the meeting.
The issue of Human Rights Education (HRE) obtains more and more meaning all over the world. At different levels - in international structures, national institutions and separate regions - laws are adopted, concepts are developed and HRE programs are launched. But the more active the work goes, the more questions arise before the Human Rights "missionaries": how to build the HRE system in such a way as not to do harm? Is it necessary to introduce obligatory lessons and courses of Human Rights? What to teach: Human Rights as a concept and ideology or certain working mechanisms of defense? Who is entitled to do it?
The European meeting on WPHRE did not have the aim to solve all those questions, but to formulate them and start the discussion. The representatives of the human rights and civil organizations, as well as governmental structures responsible for educational programs had the opportunity not only to exchange views on those controversial issues, but also to trace the general steps in HRE programs' realization on national and international level.
At the eve of 2008, the year of the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the participants of the meeting appeal to everyone to join the discussion of the programs of human rights and civil education.
8) WYDD Celebration: NAYMOTE exposes youth to democracy (Liberia)
The National Youth Movement for Transparent Elections - Partners for Democratic Development (NAYMOTE) designed, organized and implemented a week-long campaign targeting over 1000 young people in four counties in Liberia. The campaign ran from October 15 to 19. Civic education posters and banners were developed to reach a greater number of young people during the campaign, identifying young and successful political leaders in Liberia to speak to young students in four schools in Montserrado County. The outreach campaign was organized, during which NAYMOTE activists visited schools educating young students about the importance of human rights, democratic concepts, participation, and responsibility.
On October 17 NAYMOTE invited 20 students to watch a video documentary called "The American Promise", which is divided into nine parts representing the nine challenges that face any democracy, told in 50 sequences featuring some 200 diverse and surprising heroes. The "American Promise" shows that citizenship is alive and well at the grassroots, that democracy is always unfinished and subject to improvement by each new generation, that democracy is a promise for each of us to keep.
The interactive discussion after the screening brought great innovation to the participants and inspired them to volunteer as part of the NAYMOTE's School Democracy Clubs. This will enable them to gain more skills and knowledge to effectively disseminate the lesson learnt and experiences gained to their colleagues at schools and their communities. Participants were encouraged to serve as peer educators in their respective schools, homes and communities to portray the best practices seen in the documentaries and be good role models in the society.
The very celebration of the WYDD was held at the Paynesville Community School (PCS) with over three hundred students participating in the event. The young people were addressed by the Deputy Minister for Public Affairs at the Ministry of Information Culture and Tourism, who highlighted some of the major efforts taken by the current government of Liberia on reforms in education and health sectors. He appealed to the young people to consider their education as a key to their participation in civil and political processes, as they must have an adequate knowledge to participate effectively. He also mentioned the National Youth policy document which will shortly be sent to the national legislature to be enacted as a law. It will serve as a working tool to prioritize youth issues and put them into the national agenda.
The celebration was also organized in 3 other counties, which were mostly involved in public education campaigns.
On October 19 the weeklong public awareness campaign came to finish with a well-attended forum organized in cooperation with a community-based organization 'Future Intellectual Discourse' in Sinkor, Monrovia, Montserrado County. The forum was addressed by two speakers: program manager of the National Youth Volunteer Service (UNDP-Liberia) and Deputy Minister of Youth and Sports. Whereas the former's presentation highlighted the leadership development skills, the latter focused on the country's key problems (illiteracy, poverty, unemployment, mortality, etc.). He appealed to the participants to first achieve private victory before a public one in order for Liberia to move ahead with its postwar development agenda.
The WYDD celebration in Liberia was made possible through funding from the National Endowment for Democracy.
9) News: the Federal Registration Service "changed its mind" (Russia)
During the court hearing upon the case of the International Youth Human Rights Movement which took place on November 8, the Federal Registration Service withdrew its claim against the organization. Now it is fully restored in its rights after it was unlawfully closed several months ago.
According to the FRS officials, "the guilty were punished".
As Andrey Yurov, the Honorary President of the YHRM, comments, "It would be possible to avoid many conflicts, if there was an expert group on attached to the FRS dealing with solving complex situations in sphere of the freedom of association. Up to 80 per cent of such situations may be solved by expertise and not confrontation. The Moscow Helsinki Group, Youth Human Rights Movement and our colleagues could work in such a group".
This victory would have been impossible without the support from the YHRM participants and correspondents, its partners and colleagues from different countries and regions. The solidarity campaign played a vital role in the development of the case. Check out WYMD's Resource Page
for toolkits, guides, and more articles.
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1) Georgia under state of emergency (BBC)
November 8, 2007 Georgia's President Mikhail Saakashvili has declared a 15-day, nationwide state of emergency after police broke up a sixth day of opposition protests.
Demonstrations have been banned, only state television can broadcast news.
In a TV address, Prime Minister Zurab Nogaideli said a coup attempt had been made and Mr Saakashvili said "Russian special services" were behind unrest.
The president has rejected the protesters' accusations of corruption and says he will not quit.
The prime minister initially announced a state of emergency in the capital Tbilisi for 48 hours, but that was later extended to the whole country for 15 days.
Earlier in the day, police had used water cannon, tear gas and batons to break up opposition protests outside parliament.
Officials said 500 people had sought medical treatment, most to be treated for the effects of tear gas.
The White House said it was "concerned" by the unrest in Georgia, the AFP news agency reported.
"We are concerned about the reports from Georgia. We urge that any protests be peaceful and that both sides refrain from violence," US national security council spokesman Gordon Johndroe said.
Read the full article:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/7083911.stm
Visit BBC website:
http://news.bbc.co.uk
2) UN Committee Votes for Wordwide Death Penalty Moratorium (Spiegel)
November 16, 2007
A UN resolution cleared by the controversial Human Rights Committee to ban the death penalty could soon go up for a vote in the General Assembly. But a roster of countries that include China, Iran, Syria and the US are opposing it.
It isn't the first time that a majority of the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations has voted against capital punishment, but each time brings renewed promise to opponents of the practice. On Thursday, after two days of heated debate, the committee passed a draft resolution calling for a worldwide end to the death penalty. The question remains as to whether the resolution will earn the approval of a majority of the UN's General Assembly.
Ninety-nine of the committee's member states voted in favor of the resolution, 52 against. Strange bedfellows were made as the United States sided with countries like Syria and Iran in the pro-death penalty camp. Thirty three countries abstained.
The resolution expressed "deep concern" about the death penalty, contended that it violates human dignity and challenged the notion that capital punishment has a preventative impact on crime. It calls on countries practicing capital punishment to "establish a moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death penalty."
The countries opposed to the resolution, led by Singapore, maintain that it is morally righteous and impinges on national sovereignty.
More than a dozen amendments were proposed and rejected during the discussions, which took place at the UN headquarters in New York. One of these was the right to life of unborn children, which was introduced by the American delegation and echoes the abortion debate going on in the 2008 presidential election campaign. It found little traction among committee members.
Read the full article:
http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,517814,00.html
Visit Spiegel website:
http://www.spiegel.de
3) Ex-Kosovo fighter claims victory (BBC)
November 18, 2007
A party led by a former Kosovo Albanian guerrilla leader has won the breakaway province's parliamentary election, according to unofficial results.
Hashim Thaci has promised to declare formal independence from Serbia after 10 December - the UN deadline for Albanians and Serbs to reach a deal.
It seems likely his party will have to form a coalition with bitter rivals.
Serbs, who want Kosovo to remain part of Serbia, boycotted the polls, which saw a record low turnout.
If Mr Thaci's party did in fact win the largest number of seats in the 120-seat parliament, a period of negotiations is likely to take place before a coalition government is formed, the BBC's Nick Hawton reports from the Kosovo capital, Pristina.
But every ethnic Albanian party, our correspondent adds, has the same priority: trying to make Kosovo an independent state in its own right and break away from Serbia.
EU Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn called for the "rapid formation" of a new government and urged Kosovo's new leaders to "work constructively for a sustainable status settlement".
Kosovo is formally part of Serbia but has been run by the United Nations since 1999 when Nato ejected Serbian forces from the province.
Read the full article:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/europe/7099040.stm
Visit BBC website:
http://news.bbc.co.uk
4) Pakistan's State of Emergency (Time)
November 8, 2007
American support for president Pervez Musharraf has always come with a cover story to gloss over the awkward fact that one of the U.S.'s most important allies happens to be a military dictator. General Musharraf may have seized power in a coup, say his defenders in Washington, but he's our sort of guy, the kind of man we need in the fight against terrorism--and, by the way, he has always said he will return his country to democracy. In other words, the Pakistani strongman is crucial to both of the U.S.'s key goals in the Muslim world: fighting terrorism and spreading freedom.
But in the past year, that optimistic tale has seemed less and less credible. As terrorist groups in Pakistan have grown stronger and bolder, the general has spent a great deal of time battling institutions of a democratic society, such as the judiciary. On Nov. 3, Musharraf went the whole hog, suspending the constitution, muzzling the independent media, sacking several top judges, jailing many secular politicians and sending his troops into the streets, where they bludgeoned protesting lawyers, human-rights activists and frustrated citizens. Calling the state of emergency, said Musharraf, was vital to fighting rising extremism and ending the paralysis of government by "judicial interference."
Having written the Musharraf story, the Bush Administration now appears captive to it. The White House could only wag a disapproving finger at the Pakistani dictator, urging him to give up his military uniform and hold elections. "I certainly hope he does take my advice," Bush said. What little reproach there was in the President's comments was undermined by his description of Musharraf as a "strong fighter against extremists and radicals"--and by swift reassurances from Administration officials that there would be no slowing in the flow of American aid to the Pakistani military. Stronger opprobrium and sanctions are out of the question because the Administration believes there are no alternatives to the dictator. Paul R. Pillar, a former CIA counterterrorism official and now a visiting professor of security studies at Georgetown University, says, "Musharraf is really the only horse in the race."
Read the full article:
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1682292,00.html
Visit Time website:
http://www.time.com
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1) Scholarship program at ECAS office in Brussels (Europe & Eurasia)
The European Citizens Action Service (ECAS) Scholarship program is an excellent opportunity for NGO's representatives to get more familiar with European Institutions, European NGO networks and their policies and to learn how to cooperate with them. During a month-long scholarship in Brussels accommodation is provided together with a stipend to cover the living costs. Visitors are responsible for their own travel arrangements. ECAS will also provide technical support and guidance during one's stay in Brussels.
So far a number of NGO leaders from New Member states, Western Balkans and Eastern Europe have experienced the opportunity to acquire practical knowledge about functioning of the EU institutions and Brussels-based associations.
There are still places available for NGO leaders from Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Turkey, Ukraine and Russia.
In order to qualify for the scholarship in Brussels one should be a leader of an NGO community in your country (at least 2-3 years of experience) and be able to communicate in English. Other languages are an advantage but not a necessity.
There is no special application form to fill in. One just needs to send his/her latest CV, a motivation letter and a supporting letter from the organization to elena.tegovska@ecas.org. All documents should be provided in English. The deadline for applications is the 1st of December 2007.
For more information please visit http://www.ecas.org/news/667/default.aspx?id=209.
2) UNDEF opens applications for second funding round (International)
The Advisory Board of the UN Democracy Fund (UNDEF) launched its second funding round.
UNDEF was established in July 2005 as a United Nations General Trust Fund. Its primary purpose is to promote democracy. UNDEF funds projects that build and strengthen democratic institutions, promote human rights, and ensure the participation of all groups in democratic processes. Some 30 Member States have made voluntary contributions to UNDEF.
As for the first round of UNDEF projects in 2006, the thematic categories for applications are:
- strengthening democratic dialogue and support for constitutional processes;
- civil society empowerment;
- civic education, voter registration and strengthening of political parties;
- citizen's access to information;
- human rights and fundamental freedoms;
- accountability, transparency and integrity.
In line with values, priority will be given to projects that enhance inclusiveness and gender equality.
Project proposals for the second round of funding may be submitted on the UNDEF website (http://www.un.org/democracyfund/) from 15 November 2007 to 18 December 2007. Only on-line applications will be accepted and they may be submitted either in English or French. The application procedure is described in the Project Proposal Guidelines available on the UNDEF website.
UNDEF support will be provided principally to civil society activities at the country level. A small number of regional or global projects will also receive support. UNDEF will consider proposals from civil society organizations as well as from governments and official institutions. In certain cases, UN bodies may also be considered as applicants.
For more information please visit http://www.un.org/democracyfund/.
3) Compendium of good practices in human rights education (Europe, Eurasia & North America)
Human Rights Education Association (HREA) invites to submit examples of good practice in the area of human rights education, citizenship education and education for mutual respect and understanding. HREA is assisting the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE/ODIHR), the Council of Europe, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in compiling a compendium of good practices in school systems. Submissions are being accepted for the primary and secondary level schooling sectors in addition to teacher training institutions. This Compendium is being developed for the 56 countries of the OSCE regions of Europe, Central Asia and North America (for a listing of OSCE member states see: http://www.osce.org/about/13131.html). Examples from countries outside of this region, unfortunately, cannot be considered.
A good practice denotes a strategy resulting in the successful teaching and learning of human rights values and competencies. Good practice might be demonstrated through a learning activity, a methodological tool, an audio-visual resource or a documented program design intended for the formal education sector. Some of the potential practices envisioned for the Compendium include:
- policies (e.g., national action plans, legislation and curricula);
- the learning environment (e.g., whole school approaches, school governance);
- teaching and learning practices and tools (e.g., methodology, resources, subject curricula);
- professional development for teachers and other educational personnel;
- evaluation and assessment approaches and tools.
Submissions should be made no later than 1 December 2007.
For more information and to submit a practice please visit http://www.hrea.org/compendium.
4) Disney Minnie Grants for Global Youth Service Day 2008 (International)
The next round of Disney Minnie grants ($500) will be available in November 2007 for projects to take place on GYSD 2008, April 25-27. The Disney grants are to support youth-led projects (led by younger youth, ages 5-14). Individual youth as well as organizations that engage youth are eligible to apply.
Deadline will be in January 2008.
For more information please visit http://www.ysa.org/awards/.
5) Women's Leadership Scholarship (International)
The Women's Leadership Scholarship (WLS) (formerly the Native Leadership Scholarship) program creates educational opportunities for women who are grassroots leaders, organizers and activists from the Global South and/or from indigenous groups. WLS invests in women's leadership by supporting non-doctoral graduate education in human rights, sustainable development, and public health.
Pre-applications for the 2008-09 academic year are due March 14, 2008.
For more information please visit http://www.nativeleaders.org (in English, Spanish and French), where you will find a more complete description of the Scholarship guidelines and eligibility requirements.
6) HREA's annual e-learning courses (International)
HREA is calling for applications for our annual e-learning courses on Human Rights Advocacy, Human Rights Litigation, Human Rights Monitoring (in French), Introduction to Human Rights Education (in German), Monitoring Children's Rights, Rights-Based Programming and The United Nations Human Rights System, which all will be offered in the first semester of 2008.
The registration deadline for these courses is 1 December 2007.
Fore more information and to apply please visit http://www.hrea.org/courses/.
7) 2008 Stanford Summer Fellows on Democracy and Development (International)
The Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL) at Stanford University's Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies invites policy makers and activists from countries undergoing political, economic, and social transitions to participants to participate in its fourth annual Stanford Summer Fellows on Democracy and Development (SSFDD) program.
The 2008 program will be held from July 28 - August 15, 2008 at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California.
The SSFDD is a three-week executive education program that is run annually on the Stanford campus by an interdisciplinary team of Stanford faculty.
The program brings together a group of approximately 30 civic, political, and economic leaders from transitioning countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, China, and Russia. Stanford Summer Fellows are former prime ministers and presidential advisers, senators and attorneys general, journalists and civic activists, academics and members of the international development community. Since the program was introduced in 2005, it has typically received more than 800 applications each year.
This program is aimed at early to mid-career policymakers, academics, and leaders of civil society organizations (such as representatives of trade unions, nongovernmental organizations, the media, business and professional associations) who will play important roles in their country's political, economic, and social development. We anticipate recruiting a group of 25-30 individuals dedicated to democracy, development and rule of law promotion within their home countries (particularly in, but not limited to, the regions of the Middle East, Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and former Soviet Union).
Successful applicants will be proficient in spoken and written English and will have academic and practical credentials necessary to benefit fully from the course and actively contribute to programmatic discussions. The ideal course participant will have extraordinary motivation, at least three to five years of experience in a relevant field of democratic development, and a keen interest in learning and sharing knowledge and experiences in transforming his or her country.
Applications must be received by December 7, 2007 for the 2008 program.
For more information and to apply please visit http://cddrl.stanford.edu/fellowships/summerfellows/.
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